Tsunamis are long waves generated by powerful impact on all thickness of water in the ocean. More than 80% of tsunami occur on the periphery of the Pacific ocean. The reason most tsunamis are underwater earthquakes during which there is a sudden displacement of the sea floor.
The Pacific ocean is the "parent" of most of the tsunamis that we see on the planet. Reasons that cause tsunamis, the following<span>:
</span>Underwater earthquakes. During the earthquake part of the bottom sharply drops and the other rises dramatically. This pushes a large volume of water vertically upward, and the water, tending to take a horizontal position, creates a few waves.The eruption of volcanoes. A major eruption leading to the bottom of the movement, like an earthquake. The danger of a tsunami caused by the eruption that proseda down, the volcano creates a vast bowl-shaped depression. In an effort to fill it, the water creates a very long wave. Bad name have a tsunami created after the eruption of the volcano Krakatau. Seen in harbours around the world these tsunami over half a century, has destroyed 5000 ships, and killed 36 000 people.The landslides. Tsunamis can occur due to landslides infrequently. The last known case occurred in 1958, when Alaska ice mass and the land fell into the water with almost a kilometer of height by lifting the wave up to 50 m Local tsunami up to 20 m occur in Indonesia, where a large concentration of offshore savings.
Unlike ordinary waves, which arise, for example, during a storm, a tsunami affects the whole water column, not just the surface. Therefore, even small height of the tsunami can carry <span>catastrophic character.
</span>If the shore is shallow, the tsunami can be rolled without waves, and it looks like a series of sharp tides.
Funds that would have accurately identified the approaching wave does not exist. Therefore, if a storm swooped down gradually and people have time to retreat to a safe distance, the tsunami always rapid. Tsunamis are accompanied by a severe withdrawal of water from the shore, but to leave the place it's already too late.
For the vessel in the open sea, where the depth reaches several kilometers, the tsunami poses no danger, since wave height is only 1 m. the speed of the wave in the hearth reach 700 km/h. When approaching the shore with decreasing depth of the thickness of a moving wave rises to a height of 50 m, and decreases movement speed.
Tsunamis have multiple waves, the first and, as a rule, not the biggest, and misleading that the tsunami has passed. But the first wave only wets the shore, reducing the resistance to subsequent waves. A fatal mistake the dead is returning to shore after the initial destruction, where they are overtaken by the next biggest wave. Repeated waves may come at intervals <span>of 2-3 hours.</span>
2 The baker said he had baked three different cakes.
3Paul told me that the children were playing Monopoly.
4The woman told us that she had met the president.
5Janet told Ellie that Philip had been working really hard.
6Leslie said that it has been raining.
7She told me that I would enjoy the trip.
8 Dad said he was going to repair the dishwasher.
Тема: Наводнение/Flood
Наводнение является стихийным бедствием. Люди, которые непосредственно страдают от него, испытывают на себе разрушительные последствия. Для наводнений есть несколько причин. Одним из них является чрезмерное выпадение осадков. В других случаях это вызвано переполнением реки или прорывом плотины. В любом случае оно несет негативные последствия, которые приводят к экологическим и экономическим потерям. В результате земля размывается, дома разрушаются, люди и животные умирают. Наводнения непосредственно связаны с климатом и географией района. Некоторые места больше подвержены проливным дождям, чем другие. Например, Бангладеш и Филиппины находятся под постоянной угрозой наводнений. Последствия наводнений, несомненно, разрушительны. Они портят урожай, поля и дороги остаются под стоячей водой в течение нескольких дней, дворы и первые этажи домов тонут. Во время этого стихийного бедствия люди сталкиваются со многими проблемами. В среде человеческого обитания появляются различные ядовитые насекомые и змеи, скот вымирает, так как не в состоянии спасти себя, загрязненная вода вызывает много опасных для жизни заболеваний, таких как чума и холера. Некоторые люди спасают свою жизнь, находя убежище на ближайших деревьях. Как правило, после наводнения болотистая земля не высыхает еще долгое время. Хотя многие благотворительные организации и правительство пытаются помочь бедным домохозяевам, отправляя еду, одежду и лекарства, как правило, этого бывает недостаточно, чтобы избавиться от бесконечных неудобств и бедствий, которые продолжаются в течение длительного времени после потопа. Некоторые правительства пытаются действовать заранее путем создания барьеров и укрепления речных дамб.
перевод:
Flood is a natural disaster. For people, who are directly affected by it, it can be devastating. There are several reasons for floods. One of them is excessive raining. At other times it is caused by the overflow of rivers or dam breaks. At any case it has negative outcomes, which lead to environmental and economic loses. As a result land gets washed away, houses are destroyed, people and animals die. Floods are directly connected with climate and geography of the area. Some places are more exposed to heavy rains than others. For example, Bangladesh and the Philippines are under constant threat of floods. The effects of flood are undoubtedly devastating. It spoils harvest, fields and roads remain under stagnant water for a few days, courtyards and ground floors of houses get drowned. During this natural disaster people face many problems. Different poisonous insects and serpents appear in human habitats, the cattle die, as they are unable to save themselves, the polluted water causes many life-threatening diseases, such as plague and cholera. Some people save their lives by finding shelter on the nearest trees. As a rule, after floods marshy land doesn’t dry up for a long time. Although many charitable organizations and the government try to help poor householders, by sending food, clothing and medicine, it usually isn’t enough to remove the endless inconvenience and distress that continues for a long time after the flood. Some governments try to act in advance by establishing flood barriers and strengthening the river dams.
1. competitor
2.невозможный
3.глагол
4.employee
5.together
6. formally
7.political
8.appointment
9. disagreement